WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR HAVING FEW STARTUPS FOUNDED BY WOMEN?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24325/issn.2446-5763.v7i20p204-219Keywords:
empreendedorismo feminino, revisão sistemática, empreendedorismo de inovação, startupAbstract
The main objective of this article is to make a systematic review of the literature on female innovation entrepreneurship, identifying the reasons why there are few startups founded by women. The review was based on Brazilian journals rated A2 by Capes and 12 articles were found, between 1977 and 2020. This search identified 5 impeding factors for women to open their own business: women entrepreneurs social networks composed of strong ties; the social and historical context in which women are inserted; the need for women to have greater investments in human and social capital and managerial practices than men; the work-family conflict; and the discovery that women entrepreneurs are less likely than men to expect high growth companies. Thus, the contribution of this research is made in three aspects, the first for women entrepreneurs to prepare to overcome these barriers, the second for the actors in the ecosystem to contribute to stimulate female entrepreneurship, and the last for mapping of the literature and consolidation of the articles found.
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References
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Aldrich, H. Networking among women entrepreneurs. In O. Hagan, C. Rivchun, e D. Sexton (Eds.), New York: Praeger, Women-Owned Businesses, p.103-132, 1989.
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Anna, A. N., Chandler, G. N., Jansen, E., e Mero, N. P. Women business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, p.279-303, 2000.
Arroyo, M. R., Fuentes, M. M. F., e Jiménez, J. M. R. “Um estudo internacional sobre os fatores que explicam a expectativa de alto crescimento emnovos empreendimentos: uma perspectiva de gênero”. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, São Paulo, v. 18, n. 60, p.171-190 abr./jun. 2016.
Bertolami, M., Artes, R., Gonçalves, P. A., Hashimoto, M., e Lazzarini, S. G. Sobrevivência de Empresas Nascentes: Influência do Capital Humano, Social, Práticas Gerenciais e Gênero. RAC, Rio de Janeiro, v. 22, n. 3, art. 1,
p.311-335, mai./jun. 2018.
Blank, S. What’s A Startup? First Principles. 2010. Disponível em: <https://steveblank.com/2010/01/25/whats-a-startup-first-principles/>. Acesso em 15 jul. 2021.
Blank, S., e Dorf, B. Startup: Manual do Empreendedor (1a ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Alta Books, 2014.
Box, M., e Larsson S. T. Entrepreneurial teams, gender, and new venture survival: contexts and institutions. Sage Open, 8(2), 2158244018777020, 2018.
Brush, C.G., Carter, N.M., Gatewood, E., Greene, P.G., e Hart, M. Venture capital access: is gender an issue? In the emergence of entrepreneurship policy: governance. In: Hart, D. (Ed.), Start-Ups and Growth in the U.S. Knowledge Economy. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 141–154, 2003.
Brush, C.G., de Bruin, A. e Welter, F. A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 1 No. 1, p.8-24, 2009. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942318>. Acesso em 25 jul. 2021.
Canning, J., Haque, M., e Wang, Y. Women at the Wheel: Do Female Executives Drive Start-Up Success? Dow Jones and Company. 2012.
Carnahan, S., Agarwal, R., e Campbell, B.A. Heterogeneity in turnover: the effect of relative compensation dispersion of firms on the mobility and entrepreneurship of extreme performers. Strateg. Manage. J. 33, p.1411-1430, 2012.
Cliff, J. E. Does one size fit all? Exploring the relationship between attitudes towards growth, gender, and business size. Journal of business venturing, 13(6), p.523-542, 1998.
Coleman, S., e Robb, A. A comparison of new firm financing by gender: evidence from the Kauffman Firm Survey data. Small Business Economics, 33(4), p.397-411, 2009.
Cramer, L., Cappelle, M. C. A., Silva, A. L., e Brito, M. J. Representações femininas da ação empreendedora: uma análise da trajetória das mulheres no mundo dos negócios. Anais do Encontro de Estudos em Empreendedorismo e Gestão de Pequenas Empresas, Londrina, PR, Brasil, 2, 2001.
Cramer, L., Cappelle, M. C. A., Silva, A. L., e Brito, M. J. Representações femininas da ação empreendedora: uma análise da trajetória das mulheres no mundo dos negócios. Revista de Empreendedorismo e Gestão de Pequenas Empresas, 1(1), p.53-71, 2012
DeBruin, A., Brush, C.G. e Welter, F. Introduction to the special issue: towards building cumulative knowledge on women’s entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 30 No. 5, p.585-592, 2006.
Distrito, B2 Mamy e Endeavor. “Female Founders Report”. 2021. Disponível em: <https://materiais.distrito.me/dataminer-female-founders-report>. Acesso em 15 jul. 2021.
Dornelas, J. C. A. Empreendedorismo Corporativo: como ser empreendedor, inovar e se diferenciar na sua empresa. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2003.
Ferreira, J. M., e Nogueira, E. E. S. Mulheres e Suas Histórias: Razão, Sensibilidade e Subjetividade no Empreendedorismo Feminino. RAC, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17, n. 4, art. 1, p.398-417, Jul./Ago. 2013.
Gatewood, E.J., Carter, N.M., Brush, C.G., Greene, P.G., e Hart, M.M. Women Entrepreneurs, Their Ventures, and the Venture Capital Industry: An Annotated Bibliography. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute, Stockholm, 2003.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Relatório executivo, 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.gemconsortium.org>. Acesso em 20 jul. 2021.
Greene, P.G., Hart, M.M., Gatewood, E.J., Brush, C.G., e Carter, N.M. Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Front and Center: An Overview of Research and Theory. Coleman White Paper Series, 2003.
Guzman, J., e Kacperczyk, A. O. Gender gap in entrepreneurship. Research Policy, 48(7), 1666-1680, 2019.
Kacperczyk, e Aleksandra J. Opportunity structures in established firms entrepreneurship versus intrapreneurship in mutual funds. Adm. Sci. Q. 57 (3), p.484–521, 2012.
Kacperczyk, e Younkin P. Detours or Dead-ends: The Effect of Entrepreneurship on the Future Employment of Women. London Business School Working Paper, 2019.
Krakauer, P. V. C., Moraes, G. H. S. M., Coda, R., e Berne, D. F. Brazilian women’s entrepreneurial profile and intention, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 10 Issue: 4, p.361-380, 2018.
Loscocco, K. A., Robinson, J., Hall, R. H., e Allen, J. K. Gender and small business success: An inquiry into women's relative disadvantage. Social forces, 70(1), 65-85, 1991.
Menezes, R. S., e Bertucci, J. L. "Mulher de negócios": uma análise da representação social em base no discurso de empresárias associadas à Business Professional Women. Anais do Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, p.33, 2009.
Morris, M. H., Miyasaki, N. N., Watters, C. E., e Coombes, S. M. The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 221-244, 2006.
Reynolds, P. National panel study of U.S. Business start-ups: background and methodology. In: Katz, J.A., Brockhaus, R.H. (Eds.), Databases for the Study of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 4 of Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, p. 153–227, 2000.
Ries, E. A Startup Enxuta. São Paulo: Leya, p.7, 2012.
Robb, A., Coleman, S., e Stangler, D. Sources of Economic Hope: Women’s Entrepreneurship. 2014. Disponível em: < https://www.kauffman.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/sources_of_economic_hope_womens_entrepreneurship.pdf >. Acesso em 07 ago. 2021.
Ruef, M., Aldrich, H.E., e Carter, N. The structure of organizational founding teams: homophily, strong ties, and isolation among U.S. entrepreneurs. Am. Sociol. Rev. 68 (2), 195–222, 2003.
Sebrae. Pesquisa Lado/A, Lado/B Startups. São Paulo, 2015.
Sørensen, J.B., e Sharkey, A.J. Entrepreneurship as a mobility process. Am. Sociol. Rev. 79 (2), 328–349, 2014.
Strobino, M. R. C., e Teixeira, R. M. “Empreendedorismo feminino e o conflito trabalho-família: estudo de multicasos no setor de comércio de material de construção da cidade de Curitiba”. R.Adm., São Paulo, v.49, n.1, p.59-76, jan./fev./mar. 2014.
Sebrae. “Empreendedorismo Feminino no Brasil”. São Paulo, 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.sebrae.com.br/Sebrae/Portal%20Sebrae/UFs/GO/Sebrae%20de%20A%20a%20Z/Empreendedorismo%20Feminino%20no%20Brasil%202019_v5.pdf>. Acesso em 15 jul. 2021.
Vale, G. M. V., Serafim, A. C. F., e Teodósio, A. D. S. “Gênero, Imersão e Empreendedorismo: Sexo Frágil, Laços Fortes?”. RAC, Curitiba, v. 15, n. 4, art. 4, p. 631-649, Jul./Ago. 2011.
Yang, T., e Aldrich, H.E. Who’s the boss? Explaining gender inequality in entrepreneurial teams. Am. Sociol. Rev. 79 (2), 303–327, 2014.
Aldrich, H. Networking among women entrepreneurs. In O. Hagan, C. Rivchun, e D. Sexton (Eds.), New York: Praeger, Women-Owned Businesses, p.103-132, 1989.
Aldrich, H.E. Entrepreneurship. In: Smelser, N.J., Swedberg, R. (Eds.), The Handbook of Economic Sociology, 2nd ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, p.451–477, 2005.
Anna, A. N., Chandler, G. N., Jansen, E., e Mero, N. P. Women business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, p.279-303, 2000.
Arroyo, M. R., Fuentes, M. M. F., e Jiménez, J. M. R. “Um estudo internacional sobre os fatores que explicam a expectativa de alto crescimento emnovos empreendimentos: uma perspectiva de gênero”. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, São Paulo, v. 18, n. 60, p.171-190 abr./jun. 2016.
Bertolami, M., Artes, R., Gonçalves, P. A., Hashimoto, M., e Lazzarini, S. G. Sobrevivência de Empresas Nascentes: Influência do Capital Humano, Social, Práticas Gerenciais e Gênero. RAC, Rio de Janeiro, v. 22, n. 3, art. 1,
p.311-335, mai./jun. 2018.
Blank, S. What’s A Startup? First Principles. 2010. Disponível em: <https://steveblank.com/2010/01/25/whats-a-startup-first-principles/>. Acesso em 15 jul. 2021.
Blank, S., e Dorf, B. Startup: Manual do Empreendedor (1a ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Alta Books, 2014.
Box, M., e Larsson S. T. Entrepreneurial teams, gender, and new venture survival: contexts and institutions. Sage Open, 8(2), 2158244018777020, 2018.
Brush, C.G., Carter, N.M., Gatewood, E., Greene, P.G., e Hart, M. Venture capital access: is gender an issue? In the emergence of entrepreneurship policy: governance. In: Hart, D. (Ed.), Start-Ups and Growth in the U.S. Knowledge Economy. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 141–154, 2003.
Brush, C.G., de Bruin, A. e Welter, F. A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 1 No. 1, p.8-24, 2009. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942318>. Acesso em 25 jul. 2021.
Canning, J., Haque, M., e Wang, Y. Women at the Wheel: Do Female Executives Drive Start-Up Success? Dow Jones and Company. 2012.
Carnahan, S., Agarwal, R., e Campbell, B.A. Heterogeneity in turnover: the effect of relative compensation dispersion of firms on the mobility and entrepreneurship of extreme performers. Strateg. Manage. J. 33, p.1411-1430, 2012.
Cliff, J. E. Does one size fit all? Exploring the relationship between attitudes towards growth, gender, and business size. Journal of business venturing, 13(6), p.523-542, 1998.
Coleman, S., e Robb, A. A comparison of new firm financing by gender: evidence from the Kauffman Firm Survey data. Small Business Economics, 33(4), p.397-411, 2009.
Cramer, L., Cappelle, M. C. A., Silva, A. L., e Brito, M. J. Representações femininas da ação empreendedora: uma análise da trajetória das mulheres no mundo dos negócios. Anais do Encontro de Estudos em Empreendedorismo e Gestão de Pequenas Empresas, Londrina, PR, Brasil, 2, 2001.
Cramer, L., Cappelle, M. C. A., Silva, A. L., e Brito, M. J. Representações femininas da ação empreendedora: uma análise da trajetória das mulheres no mundo dos negócios. Revista de Empreendedorismo e Gestão de Pequenas Empresas, 1(1), p.53-71, 2012
DeBruin, A., Brush, C.G. e Welter, F. Introduction to the special issue: towards building cumulative knowledge on women’s entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 30 No. 5, p.585-592, 2006.
Distrito, B2 Mamy e Endeavor. “Female Founders Report”. 2021. Disponível em: <https://materiais.distrito.me/dataminer-female-founders-report>. Acesso em 15 jul. 2021.
Dornelas, J. C. A. Empreendedorismo Corporativo: como ser empreendedor, inovar e se diferenciar na sua empresa. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2003.
Ferreira, J. M., e Nogueira, E. E. S. Mulheres e Suas Histórias: Razão, Sensibilidade e Subjetividade no Empreendedorismo Feminino. RAC, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17, n. 4, art. 1, p.398-417, Jul./Ago. 2013.
Gatewood, E.J., Carter, N.M., Brush, C.G., Greene, P.G., e Hart, M.M. Women Entrepreneurs, Their Ventures, and the Venture Capital Industry: An Annotated Bibliography. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute, Stockholm, 2003.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Relatório executivo, 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.gemconsortium.org>. Acesso em 20 jul. 2021.
Greene, P.G., Hart, M.M., Gatewood, E.J., Brush, C.G., e Carter, N.M. Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Front and Center: An Overview of Research and Theory. Coleman White Paper Series, 2003.
Guzman, J., e Kacperczyk, A. O. Gender gap in entrepreneurship. Research Policy, 48(7), 1666-1680, 2019.
Kacperczyk, e Aleksandra J. Opportunity structures in established firms entrepreneurship versus intrapreneurship in mutual funds. Adm. Sci. Q. 57 (3), p.484–521, 2012.
Kacperczyk, e Younkin P. Detours or Dead-ends: The Effect of Entrepreneurship on the Future Employment of Women. London Business School Working Paper, 2019.
Krakauer, P. V. C., Moraes, G. H. S. M., Coda, R., e Berne, D. F. Brazilian women’s entrepreneurial profile and intention, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 10 Issue: 4, p.361-380, 2018.
Loscocco, K. A., Robinson, J., Hall, R. H., e Allen, J. K. Gender and small business success: An inquiry into women's relative disadvantage. Social forces, 70(1), 65-85, 1991.
Menezes, R. S., e Bertucci, J. L. "Mulher de negócios": uma análise da representação social em base no discurso de empresárias associadas à Business Professional Women. Anais do Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, p.33, 2009.
Morris, M. H., Miyasaki, N. N., Watters, C. E., e Coombes, S. M. The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 221-244, 2006.
Reynolds, P. National panel study of U.S. Business start-ups: background and methodology. In: Katz, J.A., Brockhaus, R.H. (Eds.), Databases for the Study of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 4 of Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, p. 153–227, 2000.
Ries, E. A Startup Enxuta. São Paulo: Leya, p.7, 2012.
Robb, A., Coleman, S., e Stangler, D. Sources of Economic Hope: Women’s Entrepreneurship. 2014. Disponível em: < https://www.kauffman.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/sources_of_economic_hope_womens_entrepreneurship.pdf >. Acesso em 07 ago. 2021.
Ruef, M., Aldrich, H.E., e Carter, N. The structure of organizational founding teams: homophily, strong ties, and isolation among U.S. entrepreneurs. Am. Sociol. Rev. 68 (2), 195–222, 2003.
Sebrae. Pesquisa Lado/A, Lado/B Startups. São Paulo, 2015.
Sørensen, J.B., e Sharkey, A.J. Entrepreneurship as a mobility process. Am. Sociol. Rev. 79 (2), 328–349, 2014.
Strobino, M. R. C., e Teixeira, R. M. “Empreendedorismo feminino e o conflito trabalho-família: estudo de multicasos no setor de comércio de material de construção da cidade de Curitiba”. R.Adm., São Paulo, v.49, n.1, p.59-76, jan./fev./mar. 2014.
Sebrae. “Empreendedorismo Feminino no Brasil”. São Paulo, 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.sebrae.com.br/Sebrae/Portal%20Sebrae/UFs/GO/Sebrae%20de%20A%20a%20Z/Empreendedorismo%20Feminino%20no%20Brasil%202019_v5.pdf>. Acesso em 15 jul. 2021.
Vale, G. M. V., Serafim, A. C. F., e Teodósio, A. D. S. “Gênero, Imersão e Empreendedorismo: Sexo Frágil, Laços Fortes?”. RAC, Curitiba, v. 15, n. 4, art. 4, p. 631-649, Jul./Ago. 2011.
Yang, T., e Aldrich, H.E. Who’s the boss? Explaining gender inequality in entrepreneurial teams. Am. Sociol. Rev. 79 (2), 303–327, 2014.
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Published
2021-09-01
How to Cite
Pavan, A. C., Ortega, L. M., & Nogueira, A. J. F. M. (2021). WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR HAVING FEW STARTUPS FOUNDED BY WOMEN?. South American Development Society Journal, 7(20), 204. https://doi.org/10.24325/issn.2446-5763.v7i20p204-219
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